Structural Adjustment Loan
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
A Structural Adjustment Loan (SAL) is a loan given by the World Bank on the condition that the receiving country accept a package of neoliberal structural adjustment programs. The SAL was first introduced in 1980 under World Bank president Robert McNamara. The first recipients of such loans were Kenya and Turkey.[1][2]
Contents
Structural Adjustment Loans
The following countries have received structural adjustment and sectoral adjustment loans:[3]
Asia:
- Bangladesh: 1980, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1984, 1986
- Indonesia: 1987, 1988, 1989
- Korea: 1981, 1983
- Nepal: 1987
- Pakistan: 1980, 1982, 1985 (Energy), 1986 (Export Development)
- The Philippines: 1980, 1983, 1984 (Agriculture)
- Thailand: 1982, 1983
Europe:
- Turkey: 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985 (Agriculture)
- Yugoslavia: 1983
Latin America and the Caribbean:
- Bolivia: 1980
- Brazil: 1983, 1983, 1986
- Chile: 1985, 1986, 1987
- Colombia: 1985, 1986
- Costa Rica: 1983
- Ecuador: 1985 (Agriculture), 1987 (Finance)
- Guyana: 1981
- Jamaica: 1982, 1983, 1983, 1984, 1987
- Mexico: 1983 (Export Development), 1986 (Trade Policy), 1987 (Export Development), 1987 (Trade Policy)
- Nicaragua: 1980
- Uruguay: 1984 (Agriculture)
Africa:
- Central African Republic: 1986, 1988
- Congo: 1987
- Cote d'Ivoire: 1981, 1983, 1986
- The Gambia: 1986
- Ghana: 1983, 1984, 1985
- Guinea: 1986
- Kenya: 1980, 1983, 1986 (Agriculture), 1988 (Industry), 1989 (Finance), 1991 (Export Dev.), 1991 (Agriculture II), 1992 (Education), 1996.
- Malawi: 1981, 1983, 1985
- Mauritania: 1985, 1987
- Mauritius: 1981, 1983
- Morocco: 1984 (Industry and Trade Policy), 1985 (Industry and Trade Policy II), 1985 (Agriculture), 1987 (Education)
- Nigeria: 1983
- Senegal: 1980, 1986, 1987
- Somalia: 1980 (Agriculture), 1983 (Agriculture)
- Sudan: 1986 (Agriculture)
- Tanzania: 1981, 1986
- Togo: 1983, 1985
- Tunisia: 1986 (Agriculture), 1987 (Industry and Trade Policy)
- Uganda: 1982, 1984
- Zaire: 1986 (Industry), 1987
- Zambia: 1985 (Agriculture)
- Zimbabwe: 1983
Resources and articles
Related Sourcewatch articles
- World Bank
- International Monetary Fund
- Washington Consensus
- India's New Economic Policy of 1991
- Structural Adjustment Facility (SAF)
- Enhanced Structural Adjustment Facility (ESAF)
- Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility (PRGF)
References
- ↑ Ann Crittenden, New York Times, May 26, 1980, Section 4; Page 1, Column 4.
- ↑ Report No. 21409: Kenya: Country Assistance Evaluation, World Bank, November 20, 2000.
- ↑ John H. Johnson and Sulaiman S. Wasty, "Borrower Ownership of Adjustment Programs and the Political Economy of Reform," World Bank Discussion Papers, 1990.
External Resources
- "Structural Adjustment Programmes," World Health Organization.
- "Supervising and Monitoring Structural Adjustment Loans," World Bank.
- "Structural Adjustment Program," WhirledBank.org.
- Adjustment Lending: An Evaluation of Ten Years of Experience, World Bank, 1989.
External Articles
- Anup Shah, "Structural Adjustment: A Major Cause of Poverty, Global Issues, November 28, 2010.
- Howard Stein, “The World Bank and the IMF in Africa: Strategy and Routine in the Generation of a Failed Agenda,” Center for Afro-American and African Studies (CAAS) and School of Public Health, University of Michigan, January, 2004.
- Peter Gibbon, "The World Bank and African Poverty, 1973-91," Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. 30, No. 2 (Jun., 1992), pp. 193-220.
- Nirupam Bajpai, "World Bank's Structural Adjustment Lending: Conflicting Objectives," Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 25, No. 15 (Apr. 14, 1990), pp. 791-794.
- "Adjustment Lending: Lessons from a Decade of Experience (SAL/SECAL Overview), World Bank, Independent Evaluation Group.
