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Meat & Dairy industry

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This is part of the Center for Media & Democracy's climate change project.

This is part of the Center for Media & Democracy's water policy initiative.

Meat & dairy industry focuses on U.S. agribusiness and its impact on trade, health and the environment. For government subsidies, see also U.S. Government's War on Animals. For animal rights and welfare issues, see also animals raised & hunted for food.

Contents

Overview

Americans eat approximately 8 ounces of meat per day (about twice the global average). The U.S. slaughters approximately 10 billion animals a year or over 15% of the world's total (for 5% of the population). However, global demand has also multiplied in recent years due to rising affluence and Confined animal Feeding Operations (CAFO)s or factory farms. These "animal factories" consume vast amounts of energy, generate pollution and environmental damage. They require increasing amounts of corn, soy and grains which has led to wide spread destruction of rain forests. [1]

Between 1940 and 2007, the average amount of milk produced per cow rose from 2 to 10 tons per year. [2] In 2006, the U.S. dairy industry produced over 20 billion gallons of milk. [3] With the rise of technology at the end of the 19th century, dairy production from a regional to a nationwide industry. [4], [5] The need for such for an increase in milk production has been questioned, since the dairy industry has been overproducing for 60 years. Between the years 1986 and 1987, dairy farmers were paid over 1.3 billion dollars to slaughter their cows. 144 dairy producers received over one million apiece to refrain from dairy farming for five years (one California producer received 20 million dollars). However, according to the General Accounting Office (GAO), "Total milk production did not decrease because nonparticipating farmers increased their production". [6]

Advertising & media

Got milk? & milk mustache ad campaigns

The Got Milk? ad campaign was created in 1993 by Goodby, Silverstein & Partners for the California Milk Processor Board, following a 20 year slump in sales. The slogan has been licensed to dairy boards across the United States since 1995. Got milk? has also been licensed to a range of consumer goods; including toys, teen apparel and kitchenware. [7] Goodby, Silverstein & Partners is a subsidiary of the Omnicom Group, the world's third largest advertising conglomerate.

One such dairy board is Dairy Management Inc., whose former campaigns include Milk. It does a body good. Heading up the DMI effort is Jeanne Sowa, a registered dietitian. Ms. Sowa previously worked for the National Cattlemen's Beef Association (NCBA) and was the coordinator of the Beef. It's what's for dinner ad campaign. Her DMI advertising budget is $106 million annually, which includes $42.4 million for milk and 18 million for cheese advertising. In contrast to Got Milk?, which is primarily marketed to children, the Milk Mustache campaign is aimed at young mothers and twenty-somethings. "What is a registered dietitian doing in charge of a $106 million dollar campaign to promote a product which causes a variety of health problems?" Dairy producers and affiliated companies spent $216 million on national advertising in 1996 (not including regional and local media outlets). [8]

USDA, HHS's product promotion & conflicts of interest

Got milk? was licensed to the National Milk Processor Board (MilkPEP) in 1998 to use in their celebrity print ads. [9], [10] This board was established by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's (USDA) Fluid Milk Promotion Act of 1990, to promote increased demands for fluid milk products. [11]

The milk mustache campaign [12] began in 1996 with a budget of $110 million, which increased to $190 million in 1998. The force behind the campaign is National Milk Processor Board (Fluid Board) which is administered by the USDA. While the USDA does incur some administrative costs, these are supposed to be reimbursed by industry. The promotional activity consists of generic advertising and a smaller amount funneled into "research and educational activities". Ads have featured the Secretary of Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Donna Shalala and even President Clinton in major magazines. According to an HHS spokesperson defending the ad against consumer groups; "no money was accepted and no ethics rules were breached". However, the same government agency charged with educating Americans about healthy eating is also promoting industry interests. It was considered a coup for the industry for the highest ranking government health official to endorse their product for free. In 1996, the USDA Economic Research Service reported that generic advertising raised fluid milk sales by approximately one billion pounds (4.4 %) between September of 1993 and August of 1994. [13]

The milk police

When Fox News journalists, Steve Wilson and Jane Akre, learned of the cancer causing effect of Bovine Growth Hormone injected into dairy cows; they planned to broadcast the story. However, BGH manufacturer Monsanto learned of this and pressured Fox to violate the whistle blowers' act by pulling the story and firing the journalists. [14]

Top meat & dairy companies & purchasers

Tyson Foods became the world's largest poultry and red meat provider after buying Iowa Beef Processors, Inc. (IBP) in 2001. [15] Tyson controls 27% of all meat and poultry sales in the U.S. One out of every four pounds of chicken, beef and pork consumed in the U.S. is a Tyson product. [16] Smithfield Foods is the world's largest pork producer. Smithfield is the largest pig farming operation in the U.S. and a major producer abroad. Smithfield controls 26% of the U.S. pork market, raising 14 million pigs at it's facilities and killing 27 million of the 60 million that went to slaughter in 2006. [17] Cargill is the second largest meat processing company in the U.S., after Tyson Foods. It is the second largest supplier of animal feed in the world. [18] McDonalds is largest purchaser of beef and the second largest purchaser of poultry in the U.S. [19]

Nestle is the world's leading producer of dairy products.[20] Dean Foods is the leading producer of fluid milk and dairy products in the United States and the second largest dairy company in the world. Dean Foods is second only to Nestle in terms of global dairy sales. [21]

Organizations that support CAFO's

Organizations that support CAFO's include member organizations of the Animal Industry Foundation; the American Veal Association, National Cattlemen's Beef Association, National Chicken Council, National Milk Producers Council, National Pork Producers Council, National Turkey Federation, United Egg Producers, U.S. Poultry and Egg Association and the American Feed Industry Association. [22] Also member organizations of the American Meat Institute, the Meat Promotion Coalition and the National Dairy Council. Other industry-funded organizations which support CAFO's include the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA), the National Animal Interest Alliance (NAIA) and the Animal Welfare Council (AWC). See also Processed food industry.

CAFO's & health issues

Working in & living near animal factories

A recent study showed that 70% of workers in factory farm confinement buildings have respiratory illnesses due to hydrogen sulfide gas from animal manure in close quarters. [23] According to the Sierra Club, factory farms are breeding grounds for disease and pollution effecting air and water quality. According to an Iowa study cited by the group, nearby residents of factory farms complain of respiratory problems, headaches and other illnesses, similar to those of employees. [24] Scientific and medical researchers have conducted a handful of comprehensive studies that examine the public health impacts of animal factories. They conclude that residents living near animal factories show symptoms of respiratory, physical and emotional illness significantly higher than control groups. [25]

Food borne illnesses & high risk meat products

Due to factory farm and slaughterhouse methods; there are risks of food borne illness in virtually all U.S. meats, dairy products and eggs. There are currently no requirements for testing for food borne illnesses due to lobbying by the meat and dairy industries. Cows are raised in huge feed lots the size of cities and become smeared with fecal matter and other filth. Slaughterhouse workers are under pressure to work at an ever increasing pace, sometimes being forced to kill and gut as many as 330 animals an hour. [26]

E. Coli bacteria can be found in up to 50% of U.S. cattle carcasses. [27] It has been estimated that 70% of of store brought chickens contain harmful bacteria. [28] and 90% of turkeys. [29]

Campylobacter is the leading cause of food-borne illness in the U.S. with the primary source being contaminated chicken flesh. Chicken warehouses may contain 50,000 birds. Antibiotics also make them vulnerable to disease as strains of bacteria become resistant. Approximately 5,000 people a day contract Campylobacter food poisoning every day in the U.S. Chickens in the U.S. are frequently infected with salmonella, unlike European countries where livestock are treated more humanely and given more space, resulting in better health and fewer pathogens. According to Mitchell Cohen, M.D. of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), there are outbreaks of Salmonella related to almost every animal product, including poultry, beef, pork, eggs and dairy products.

Instead of addressing and correcting factory farm conditions which encourage disease, the U.S. meat industry uses irradiation or nuclear radiation to kill pathogens. [30]

Antibiotics & hormones

In 2001, the Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS) announced that antibiotics in factory farms account for the overwhelming majority of all antibiotic use in the country. Dr. Margaret Mellon, is author of the UCS's report on anti-biotic use in livestock and the director of their food and environment program. According to Dr. Mellon, her group "did not oppose using antibiotics to treat sick animals, but that it did oppose their use for promoting growth or preventing infections in healthy animals." According her report, U.S. livestock producers use about 24.6 million pounds of antibiotics annually for "nontherapeutic" purposes (growth promotion and disease prevention) as opposed to treatment of disease. The nontherapeutic total includes about 10.3 million pounds in hogs, 10.5 million pounds in poultry and 3.7 million pounds in cattle. By contrast, humans use approximately 3 millions pounds of antibiotics annually in the U.S. Figures from the report showed much higher figures for animals and much smaller figures for humans, than industry generated reports. [31] The UCS reports that antibiotics administered to livestock are approximately eight times the amount administered to people for illnesses. [32]

Over 90% of beef cattle in the U.S. receive hormones and in larger feedlots the figure is 100%, according to the NCBA. [33] The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the use of recombinant bovine growth hormone (rbGH) being injected into cows on February 4th, 1994. Both Europe and Canada turned down Monsanto's application for rBGH approval. Developed and manufactured by Monsanto, this genetically engineered hormone forces cows to artificially increase milk production by 10 to 15 %. [34] Monsanto spent approximately half a billion dollars on a hormone to increase milk production (for an already glutted, taxpayer-subsidized market). Additionally, Posilac creates additional Growth Factor One (IGF-1) in milk (a growth hormone which is identical in cows and humans). IGF-1 is considered to be a fuel cell for cancer growth and has been identified in the rapid growth cancer. [35] Additionally, cows injected with rBGH also have a 25% increase in udder infections and a 50% increase in lameness. [36] Cows do not adapt well to high milk yields or their high grain diets. Metabolic disorders and infertility problems are also common. [37] According to Dr. Michael Hanson of the Consumers Union of the U.S., there is strong scientific evidence to support potential health hazards of rBGH and a case for labeling dairy products that contain rBGH. [38] See also Food and Drug Administration, section 3.

EU ban on hormones & imports from U.S./Canada

Since 1995, the European Union (EU) has prohibited the treatment of any farm animals with sex hormones, which includes a ban on hormone treated meat from the U.S. and Canada. The U.S. asserts that that hormone-treated meat is safe because "sex hormones only promote human cancers in hormone-sensitive tissues, such as the female breast and uterus". According to the U.S. there is a "threshold" for acceptable levels of hormones and U.S. agriculture is well regulated so as not to exceed them. [39] However, according to a 136 page report compiled by an EU scientific committee, [40] hormones are carcenogenic due to interference with DNA. Therefore, there is no safe threshold (except zero). [41] See also European Union, section 9.1.

Waste products fed to farm animals

The FDA finally banned the practice of feeding cow meat and bone meal back to cows in 1997 (after the Mad cow disease epidemic in Great Britain). However, dried poultry waste and sewage sludge are routinely fed to cattle. Pigs and chickens are still routinely fed the bones, brains, meat scraps, feathers, and feces of their own species. Furthermore, tens of millions of shelter animals are also picked up by rendering plants. Thus commercial meat, dairy, and egg products often come from animals whose diet included the ground up remains of cats and dogs, including the euthanasia drugs injected into their bodies. [42] 40 billion pounds a year of slaughterhouse wastes (blood, bone, viscera) and euthanized cats and dogs from veterinarians and animal shelters, are rendered annually into livestock feed. [43] Moreover, the FDA has been using inaccurate, incomplete, and unreliable data to track and oversee feed ban compliance. [44], [45]

Mad cow disease

In 1996, in response to the revelation that young people in Britain were dying from variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD), the human equivalent of Mad cow disease, the World Health Organization (WHO) issued seven recommendations. [46] Numbers 5-7 were recommendations for further research and 1-4 were concrete recommendations. The United States continues to violate all four guide lines; number one being to stop feeding animals to other other. [47] See also World Health Organization.

In December of 2003 on NBC's Today, the former Secretary for the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Ann M. Veneman insisted that "all scientific evidence would show, based upon what we know about this disease, that muscle cuts -- that is, the meat of the animal itself -- should not cause any risk to human health." [48] However, according to a 2002 report from the GAO, products such as beef stock, beef extract and beef flavoring are frequently made from boiled skeletal remains (including the vertebral column) of the carcass. [49] Spinal cord contamination may also be found in hot dogs, hamburgers, pizza toppings and taco fillings. [50] According to a 2002 USDA survey of high risk meat products, approximately 35% contained central nervous system tissues. [51],[52]

Avian flu & leucosis (chicken cancer)

According to a United Nations (UN) report, avian flu can be traced to filthy, crowded, disease ridden factory farm conditions. [53] It has been estimated that in some chicken flocks; 90% are infected with chicken cancer (leukosis). [54]

Swine flu & pneumonia in factory farmed pigs

Due to dust, irritating fumes, toxic gases and bacteria build up in over crowded warehouses, most factory farmed pigs have respiratory distress (which also effects workers). Seventy to 80 % of U.S. pigs have pneumonia at the time of slaughter. Water routinely given to U.S. pigs is liquid wastes draining from manure pits. [55] See also Swine flu & Smithfield Foods.

Independent reports

A report released on November 19, 2006 by the UN's Food & Agriculture Organization (FAO) entitled Live Stock's Long Shadow, determined that livestock generates 18% of greenhouse gas emissions; more than all transportation (cars, trucks, ships and planes) combined. It was also found to be a major source of environmental damage.

"Livestock now use 30 % of the earth’s entire land surface, mostly permanent pasture but also including 33% of the global arable land used to producing feed for livestock, the report notes. As forests are cleared to create new pastures, it is a major driver of deforestation, especially in Latin America where, for example, some 70% of former forests in the Amazon have been turned over to grazing." [56]

However, according to a November 2009 report by the World Watch Institute, the environmental impact of animal agribusiness has been vastly underestimated, and in fact accounts for 51% of greenhouse gase (GHGs) emissions world wide, or at least 32.6 billion tons of carbon dioxide per year. [57] Other independent organizations who have issued studies and reports on health and environmental dangers of CAFO's include the Pew Charitable Trust [58], the Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPI) [59] the Sierra Club [60], the Breast Cancer Fund [61] the Union of Concerned Scientists [62] and the Humane Society of the United States (HSUS). [63]

Animal products & health issues

The China Study

The China Study culminated a 20-year partnership of Cornell University, Oxford University, and the Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine. The survey of diseases and lifestyle factors in rural China and Taiwan is widely thought to be the most comprehensive study on nutrition and related diseases to date. The project produced over 8,000 statistically significant associations between diet and disease. The findings indicated that the consumers of the most animal-based foods suffered the most chronic diseases while those with the most plant based diets avoided these diseases and were the healthiest. Chronic diseases included heart disease, diabetes and cancer. Also studied were the effects of diet in reducing or reversing the risks of chronic disease. The study also examines the source of nutritional confusion produced by powerful lobbies, government entities and irresponsible scientists. [64] According to Dr. T. Colin Campbell of Cornell, "we're basically a vegetarian species, should be eating a wide variety of plant foods and minimizing animal foods." [65], [66]

Dairy products

On the question of osteoporosis, Dr. Campbell replied: "The Chinese study found an average daily calcium intake of 544 mg. (almost none from animal products) and there was basically no osteoporosis in China." In the US there is an average calcium intake of 1,143 mg per day (mostly from dairy) and osteoporosis is a major health issue. Calves have fours stomachs and double their body weight in 47 days as opposed to the 180 days it takes for a human baby to double it's weight. Cows' milk is also 15% protein (as opposed to the 5% protein content of mother's breast milk). Much of the rationale for the belief in milk as an ideal food was based on turn of the 20th century research done on rats. However, the mother's milk of rats is 49% protein and baby rats double their weight in four days. Yet, another example of erroneous data derived from animal testing. [67]

The focus of published reports on dairy consumption are infections, colic, intestinal bleeding, anemia, allergies and more serious issues of diabetes and viral infections of bovine leukemia, an AIDS like virus. Common childrens issues include ear infections, tonsil infections, bed wetting and asthma. Adult issues include heart disease, arthritis, respiratory distress, osteoporosis, leukemia, lymphoma and cancer. Overall health issues include milk contamination by pus cells and chemicals such as pesticides. [68] Most cows' milk contains toxins such as herbicides, pesticides and dioxins and up to 52 powerful antibiotics; blood, pus, feces, bacteria and viruses. Both organic and non-organic milk contain fat, cholesteral and various allergens as well as 59 active hormones. This includes the powerful Growth Factor One (IGF-1) which has been identified in the rapid growth cancer. [69] It has been positively documented and affirmed that dairy consumption leads to clogged arteries, heart attacks and strokes and exposure to contaminants. [70], [71] Research has demonstrated a calcium wash or a loss of calcium and other critical minerals like potassium, magnesium and iron from the blood stream as a direct result of dairy consumption starting at 24 ounces per day. [72] Low animal protein diets create a positive calcium balance, whereas high animal protein diets create a negative balance resulting in bone density loss. While many have turned to low fat dairy products, these products contain higher concentrations of protein. Low fat and particularly non-fat dairy products have actually been shown to increase osteoporosis, kidney problems and some cancers. [73]

Nutrition & orthodox medicine in the U.S.

Of the 125 medical schools in the U.S., only 30 require their students to take a course in nutrition. The average amount of hours spent on nutrition education for the average U.S. physician during four years of school is 2.5 hours. Physicians are therefore ill equipped to give nutritional advice and/or implement programs; even though most modern illnesses are life style related. Heart attacks are the most common cause of death in the U.S and arguably, the most preventable. The male consumer of meat in the U.S. has a 50% risk of a heart attack in his life time as opposed to 15% for the male non-meat eater. Reducing intake of animal products greatly reduces this risk and eliminating animal products reduces this risk by 90%. [74]

Political contributions

The food industry gave congress over 41 million in campaign contributions in a a recent ten year period with over a third going to Senate and House agricultural committee members. During the same period, meat and poultry industries contributed over 9 million, the National Restaurant Association contributed over 3.1 million, the NCBA contributed over $1.4 million and McDonald's contributed almost 1.7 million dollars. [75]

Articles & resources

SourceWatch articles

References

  1. ↑ Mark Bittman Rethinking the Meat-Guzzler, New York Times, January 2008
  2. ↑ Ag 101: Dairy Production, Environmental Protection Agency, accessed January 2009
  3. ↑ Fact & Figures, Dairy Farming Today, 2009
  4. ↑ Background of Dairy Production in the U.S., EPA, accessed January 2009
  5. ↑ The Issues: Dairy, Sustainable Table, September 2008
  6. ↑ James Bovard Our Next Criminal Class: Milk Bootleggers, Cato Institute, June 1991
  7. ↑ Got Milk?, Americola, accessed February 2009
  8. ↑ Michele Simon Dairy Industry Propaganda: Tale of Two Mega-Campaigns, Vegan.com, April 1999
  9. ↑ Got Milk?, Americola, accessed February 2009
  10. ↑ Douglas B. Holt, Professor of Marketing, Oxford Got Milk?, Advertising Educational Foundation, 2002
  11. ↑ USDA Seeks Nominations for National Fluid Milk Board, USDA Agricultural Marketing Service, Release No. 177-08, September 2008
  12. ↑ Drink Well, Live Well, Whymilk.com, 2009
  13. ↑ Michele Simon Dairy Industry Propaganda: Tale of Two Mega-Campaigns, Vegan.com, April 1999
  14. ↑ Stewart N. Thorpe GOT MILK? If You Do, You've Also Got Greatly Increased Risks of Cancer, Osteoporosis, and Heart Disease, Citizen Press Revolution, February 2006
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  18. ↑ Steve Hannaford Oligopoly Brief: Cargill, Oligopoly Watch, updated September 2007
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  27. ↑ 991147 Deadly E. Coli Bug May Affect Half of Cattle, Meat Industry Internet News, November 1999
  28. ↑ Consumer Reports Finds 71 Percent of Store-Bought Chicken Contains Harmful Bacteria, Consumer Reports, February 1998
  29. ↑ Hazardous Is Your Turkey, Center for Science in the Public Interest, November 1998
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  31. ↑ Denise Grady Scientists See Higher Use Of Antibiotics on Farms, New York Times, January 2001
  32. ↑ Brian Colleran Think Before You Eat The Widespread Effects of Factory-Farmed Meat, e-magazine.com, accessed January 2009
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  34. ↑ What Is rBGH & rBST?, Sustainable Table, accessed January 2009
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  39. ↑ Peter Montague The Bad Seed, Rachel's Environment & Health Weekly, #666, September 1999
  40. ↑ Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Veterinary Measures Relating to Public Health; Assessment of Potential Risks to Human Health from Hormone Residues in Bovine Meat and Meat Products, European Commission, April 1999
  41. ↑ Michael Balter Scientific Cross-Claims Fly in Continuing Beef War, Science, May 1999, Vol 284, pgs. 1453-1455
  42. ↑ Lynn Truong The Cost of Meat—The Public Health Argument, Wisebread, May 2007
  43. ↑ Michael Satchell, Stephen J. Hedges and Linda Kulman The Next Bad Beef Scandal?, U.S. News & World Report, August 1997
  44. ↑ Mad Cow Disease: Improvements in the Animal Feed Ban and Other Regulatory Areas Would Strengthen U.S. Prevention Efforts., U.S. General Accounting Office Congressional Report, January 2002
  45. ↑ Michael Greger, M.D. USDA Misleading American Public about Beef Safety, Organic Consumers Association, December 2003
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  48. ↑ US Confident Food Supply Safe Following Mad Cow Announcement, Voice of America , December 2003
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  50. ↑ , Health and Consumer Groups Urge USDA to Keep Cattle Spinal Cord Tissue Out of Processed Meat, Center for Science in the Public Interest, August 2001
  51. ↑ USDA Begins Sampling Program for Advanced Meat Recovery Systems, USDA, Food Safety and Inspection Service, News Release, March 2002
  52. ↑ Michael Greger, M.D. USDA Misleading American Public about Beef Safety, Organic Consumers Association, December 2003
  53. ↑ Haider Rizvi Factory Farms Fueling Avian Flu, Say Researchers, United Nations, One World US, February 2007
  54. ↑ John Robbins Ask John, The Food Revolution, 2001, ISBN 1573247022
  55. ↑ Eli Lilly & Flanco Products Co., reported in The Dangers of Factory Farming, Humane Farming Association. 02.06.27:14 & 02.06.27:15
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  57. ↑ Robert Goodland and Jeff Anhang Live Stock and Climate Change: What if the key actors in climate change are...cows, pigs, and chickens?, World Watch Magazine, November/December 2009
  58. ↑ Industrial Farming & Human Health, Pew Charitable Trust, 2008
  59. ↑ Six Arguments for a Greener Diet, Eating Green, CSPI, August 2006
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  61. ↑ Sandra Steingraber Girl, You'll Be a Woman Too Soon: Ecologist Sandra Steingraber explores the eco-causes of early puberty, Breast Cancer Fund, 2007
  62. ↑ Hogging It!: Estimates of Antimicrobial Abuse in Livestock, Union of Concerned Scientists, Food & Agriculture, January 2001
  63. ↑ Eating for the Environment, Humane Society of the United States, accessed Sept 2009
  64. ↑ Dr. T. Colin Campbell, Thomas M. Campbell II About, The China Study, 2005
  65. ↑ Jane Brody, Grand Prix of Epidemiology, New York Times, May 1990
  66. ↑ T. Colin Campbell, PhD Correcting Nutritional Fictions from the New York Times, Vegsource.com, 2003
  67. ↑ Gene Franks Milk Sucks, or Bossie's Revenge Pure Water Gazette, Sept 1991
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  69. ↑ Dave Rietz Dangers of Milk and Dairy Products: The Facts, Rense.com, July 2002
  70. ↑ E. Koop Surgeon General's Report on Nutrition and Health, National Library of Medicine, 88-50210, 1988
  71. ↑ Melvyn R. Werbach Nutritional Influences on Illness: A Source book of Clinical Research, December 1990, ISBN 0879835311
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  73. ↑ Mark J. Occhipinti, MS, PhD Does Milk Really Do The Body Good? Calcium and Protein: A Mixture For Disaster, American Fitness Professionals & Associates, accessed January 2009
  74. ↑ The Meat Free Life: How to Win an Argument With a Meat-Eater, Hinduism Today, Essay #2, July 1993
  75. ↑ Michele Simon The Politics of Meat and Dairy: How Big Business Influences Government Policy and Our Food Choices, Earthsave News, Fall 1998

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